Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney

EEOC Attorney

The legal services offered by expert employment lawyers in Philadelphia cover a broad spectrum of workplace issues. The firm ensures that clients are informed and empowered throughout their legal journey, demystifying the legal process and fighting tirelessly to secure the best possible outcome.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Workplace Bullying Attorney

  • Employment Law Expert
  • Employment Discrimination Advocate
  • Workplace Arbitration Lawyer
  • Wage and Hour Attorney
  • Employment Legal Aid
  • Workplace Harassment Attorney
  • Job Rights Lawyer
  • Employment Appeal Attorney
  • Whistleblower Attorney
  • Legal Employment Advocate
  • Workplace Accommodation Lawyer
  • Civil Rights Lawyer
  • Workplace Rights Lawyer
  • Wage Theft Attorney
  • Fair Employment Attorney
These tools are crafted to help workers understand their rights and the nuances of employment law.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Wrongful Discharge Lawyer

  • Workplace Justice Attorney
  • Workplace Law Attorney
  • Employment Standards Attorney
  • Sexual Harassment Lawyer
  • Wage Discrimination Lawyer
  • Employer Retaliation Attorney
  • Employment Law Firm
  • Employment Mediation Lawyer
  • Pregnancy Discrimination Lawyer
  • Employment Tribunal Attorney
  • Workplace Fairness Lawyer
  • Workplace Law Expert
  • Fair Pay Attorney
  • Non-Compete Attorney
  • Retaliation Lawyer
  • Workplace Defamation Lawyer
  • Workplace Investigation Attorney
  • Workplace Legal Support
  • Severance Agreement Attorney
  • Collective Bargaining Attorney
By guiding workers through the legal system, they not only resolve individual cases but also contribute to the broader fight for workers' rights. Learn more about Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney here With a steadfast commitment to championing employee rights, the firm stands tall against discrimination, harassment, wrongful termination, and the fight for unpaid wages.
Their team is well-versed in navigating the complexities of employment law, making them a formidable ally for those facing injustice in their place of work. Knowing your rights in the workplace is the first step towards ensuring fair treatment and justice in employment situations. Learn more about The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC here. They don't hesitate to challenge unfair or overly restrictive terms. These initiatives are crucial in building a more informed workforce capable of recognizing and standing up against unlawful employment practices.
They believe in the power of local engagement to bring about substantial change, not just in the legal landscape but in the overall well-being of their community. The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC knows that a well-prepared case is the cornerstone of a successful legal battle. They're active on several networks, providing valuable insights and keeping clients informed about the latest in employment law. Whether it's a case of wrongful termination, discrimination, or harassment in the workplace, the firm's attorneys are well-versed in navigating the complexities of employment law to secure justice for their clients.
The firm's deep understanding of employment law and dedication to workers' rights makes them a formidable ally for anyone facing unwarranted dismissal. They navigate the complex legal landscape to ensure that justice is served, protecting the rights and livelihoods of Philadelphia's workforce. Employees may notice inconsistencies between their agreed upon wages and the actual compensation received. This history of success isn't just a feather in their cap; it's a clear indication of the firm's role as a pivotal force in the fight against workplace injustice. Overtime Attorney

The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC's expansion into Philadelphia marks a significant step in its growth strategy. They're dedicated to making sure that every employee knows they're not alone in their fight for fair treatment. The firm's phone number and email address are prominently displayed on their homepage, ensuring that individuals can easily get in touch with their team of experienced attorneys. With their expert guidance, you're not just hiring an attorney; you're partnering with an advocate committed to defending your rights in the workplace. Mediation, the firm notes, is a voluntary process where a neutral third party, the mediator, facilitates dialogue between disputing parties to help them reach a settlement. Employment Legal Aid

With expert legal guidance, navigating these waters becomes less daunting, protecting all parties involved. Navigating legal claims, employees turn to Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC to recover unpaid wages, embarking on a complex journey toward justice. This initial consultation sets the foundation for a strong attorney-client relationship, prioritizing your rights and interests from the start. Employment Discrimination Lawyer They're no strangers to deadlines and the importance of precision in these legal documents.

These sessions cover a range of topics, from discrimination and harassment in the workplace to understanding wage and hour laws. This initial meeting isn't just about fact-finding; it's also an opportunity for clients to gauge the firm's commitment to their case. The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC took on their case, and through meticulous investigation and compelling argumentation in court, they won a landmark victory that not only compensated the victims but also forced the company to overhaul its policies and training programs to prevent future incidents. The legal team tirelessly works to recover unpaid wages, pursue damages for wage and hour violations, and challenge employers who fail to comply with minimum wage laws.

They don't just react to legal issues; they proactively equip their clients with the knowledge and strategies needed to avoid future pitfalls. The firm understands that when individuals seek legal assistance, they're often navigating stressful situations. In a city as diverse and dynamic as Philadelphia, workplace issues are bound to arise. This move also allows for the diversification of their legal expertise, catering to a broader spectrum of employment law needs.

Best Employment Attorney Philadelphia

Entity Name

Description

Source

Martindale-Hubbell

An information services company to the legal profession in United States.

Source

Philadelphia

The largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States.

Source

Pennsylvania

A state in the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, and Appalachian regions of the United States.

Source

Wrongful Dismissal

An unfair dismissal in terms of the employment contract.

Source

Employment Discrimination

Discrimination in employment context based on certain characteristics.

Source

Sexual Harassment

Bullying or coercing of an unwanted sexual nature, or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors.

Source

Shareholder Oppression

A term used to describe the tools that business law provides to prevent majority shareholders from denying minority shareholders their right of influence over corporate affairs.

Source

Whistleblower

Someone who exposes secretive information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within a private or public organization.

Source

Workplace Bullying

Repeated, unwelcome behavior that harms or intimidates an employee, often causing them emotional or physical stress.

Source

Worker's Compensation

A form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to workers injured in the course of employment.

Source

Disability

Any condition of the body or mind that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities and interact with the world around them.

Source

Attorneys in the United States

Individual who has been qualified by a state or Federal court to provide legal services, including appearing in court.

Source

Attorney at Law

A professional who is authorized to practice law; conduct lawsuits or give legal advice.

Source

Boutique Law Firm

A collection of lawyers who specialize in a niche area of law.

Source

Non-compete Clause

A clause under which one party agrees not to compete with another. In a contract.

Source

United States

A country primarily located in North America.

Source

Supreme Court of the United States

The highest federal court in the United States.

Source

Lawyer

A professional who is qualified to offer advice about the law or represent someone in legal matters.

Source

Class Action

A type of lawsuit where one of the parties is a group of people who are represented collectively by a member of that group.

Source

Temple University Beasley School of Law

A professional graduate school of Temple University, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Source

Securities Fraud

Deceptive practices in the stock or commodities markets.

Source

Widener University Commonwealth Law School

Widener Law Commonwealth, located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, offers legal education and has Pennsylvania's highest overall bar pass rate.

Source

Unemployment benefits

Payments made by authorized bodies to unemployed persons.

Source

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

A federal United States tax and labor law that establishes minimum standards for pension plans in private industry.

Source

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

A federal appellate court with jurisdiction generally given in areas involving international trade, government contracts, patents, trademarks, certain money claims against the United States government, federal personnel, and veterans' benefits.

Source

Law of the United States

The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law.

Source

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The agency of the United States Government that enforces the federal employment discrimination laws.

Source

Employee Benefits

Various types of non-wage compensation provided to employees in addition to their normal wages or salaries.

Source

Negligence

A failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in like circumstances.

Source

Wrongful death claim

A claim against a person who can be held liable for a death.

Source

Vehicle insurance

Insurance for cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other road vehicles.

Source

Asset forfeiture

A legal process in which law enforcement officers take assets from persons associated with a crime.

Source

Penn State Law

The professional graduate law school of Pennsylvania State University.

Source

Philadelphia Workplace Discrimination Lawyer

With five professional sports teams and one of the nation's most loyal fan bases, Philadelphia is often ranked as the nation's best city for professional sports fans. The city has a culturally and philanthropically active LGBTQ+ community. Philadelphia also has played an immensely influential historic and ongoing role in the development and evolution of American music, especially R&B, soul, and rock.

Employment Contract Attorney Philadelphia


Philadelphia Employment Law Specialist

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Dilworth Park

Center City
Tourist attraction, Event venue, Park
Dilworth Park, 1 S 15th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102
Modern urban park with a splash fountain, cafe & seasonal events like outdoor movies & ice skating.

Bartram's Garden

Kingsessing
Tourist attraction, Boat ramp, Botanical garden, Community garden, Farm, Park
Bartram's Garden, 5400 Lindbergh Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19143
Riverside gardens featuring expansive fields of flowers & trees plus a nursery & community farm.

Shofuso Japanese Cultural Center

West Philadelphia
Tourist attraction, Garden, Museum, Non-profit organization, Historical landmark
Shofuso Japanese Cultural Center, Lansdowne Dr &, Horticultural Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19131
This structure built in Japan in 1953 has a mural exhibit, plus tranquil, landscaped grounds.

The Wanamaker Building

Center City
Tourist attraction, Historical landmark
The Wanamaker Building, 100 E Penn Square, Philadelphia, PA 19107

Fairmount Park

West Philadelphia
Tourist attraction, Park
Fairmount Park, Reservoir Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19119
Historic, big park with walking trails, sports fields, gardens, public art & a reservoir.

Skilled Workplace Litigation Attorney

The question now is, how will this move impact Philadelphia's labor landscape and what does it mean for employees who've long sought a powerful ally in their corner? They're a beacon of hope for many in Philadelphia, ensuring that employees know they're not alone in fighting back against unlawful employment practices.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - EEOC Attorney

  1. Employment Discrimination Advocate
  2. Workplace Arbitration Lawyer
  3. Wage and Hour Attorney
  4. Employment Legal Aid
  5. Workplace Harassment Attorney
  6. Job Rights Lawyer
  7. Employment Appeal Attorney
  8. Whistleblower Attorney
  9. Legal Employment Advocate
  10. Workplace Accommodation Lawyer
  11. Civil Rights Lawyer
  12. Workplace Rights Lawyer
  13. Wage Theft Attorney
  14. Fair Employment Attorney
  15. Workplace Injury Attorney
Workplace Bullying Attorney In essence, the Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC is a crucial ally for employers aiming to maintain a legally compliant and harmonious workplace. They represented an employee who was subjected to racial discrimination, resulting in a hostile work environment.

Another essential strategy is clear, open communication with clients. What sets Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC apart in the competitive landscape of employment law? They understand that severance agreements can be complex, encompassing not just compensation but also crucial details regarding non-compete clauses, confidentiality agreements, and the relinquishment of legal claims against the employer.

Throughout these processes, The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC stands by its clients, offering expert advice and representation. This approach arms individuals with the necessary evidence to challenge retaliatory actions effectively. The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC steps in as a crucial ally for workers facing these challenges.

This stage is about separating the wheat from the chaff; not every complaint will escalate into a legal battle, but for those that do, the groundwork is meticulously prepared. They meticulously gather evidence, interview witnesses, and collaborate with experts to build compelling cases. The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC's approach hinges on a thorough understanding of both federal and state employment laws, ensuring that every strategy isn't only robust but also tailored to the unique circumstances of each case.

Skilled Workplace Litigation Attorney
Workplace Fairness Attorney Philadelphia

Workplace Fairness Attorney Philadelphia

This meticulous preparation is crucial for anticipating opposing arguments and strengthening the client's position. Their legal team meticulously reviews compensation packages, bonus schemes, and overtime policies to identify any injustices. One client, Sarah, recounts how the firm's attorneys were 'not just my lawyers but also my advocates and friends.' She emphasizes the firm's unique approach to handling her discrimination case, where they not only fought for her rights but also ensured she understood every step of the process.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Employment Law Expert

  1. Job Discrimination Attorney
  2. Job Termination Attorney
  3. ADA Lawyer
  4. Disability Discrimination Attorney
  5. Employee Rights Attorney
  6. Disability Rights Attorney
  7. Harassment Claim Lawyer
  8. Workplace Litigation Lawyer
  9. Age Discrimination Lawyer
  10. Workplace Safety Advocate
  11. Employment Standards Attorney
  12. Workplace Legal Counsel
  13. Workplace Safety Lawyer
  14. Workplace Privacy Lawyer
  15. Workplace Mediation Lawyer
  16. Workplace Justice Attorney
  17. Workplace Law Attorney
  18. Employment Standards Attorney
This ensures they're not just reacting to changes but can anticipate how these changes can affect ongoing and future cases. They stress that knowing what constitutes wrongful termination, harassment, or retaliation can empower employees to stand up for themselves.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Wage and Hour Attorney

  1. Employee Rights Attorney
  2. Disability Rights Attorney
  3. Harassment Claim Lawyer
  4. Workplace Litigation Lawyer
  5. Age Discrimination Lawyer
  6. Workplace Safety Advocate
  7. Employment Standards Attorney
  8. Workplace Legal Counsel
  9. Workplace Safety Lawyer
  10. Workplace Privacy Lawyer
  11. Workplace Mediation Lawyer
  12. Workplace Justice Attorney
  13. Workplace Law Attorney
  14. Employment Standards Attorney
  15. Sexual Harassment Lawyer
  16. Wage Discrimination Lawyer
  17. Employer Retaliation Attorney
  18. Employment Law Firm
  19. Employment Mediation Lawyer

The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC steps in by offering expert guidance and representation.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Overtime Attorney

  • Pregnancy Discrimination Lawyer
  • Employment Tribunal Attorney
  • Workplace Fairness Lawyer
  • Workplace Law Expert
  • Fair Pay Attorney
  • Non-Compete Attorney
  • Retaliation Lawyer
  • Workplace Defamation Lawyer
  • Workplace Investigation Attorney
  • Workplace Legal Support
  • Severance Agreement Attorney
  • Collective Bargaining Attorney
  • Employee Classification Attorney
  • Workplace Dispute Lawyer
  • Employment Discrimination Attorney
  • Race Discrimination Lawyer
Navigating employment contract negotiations requires a skilled legal team that understands both the employer's and employee's perspectives.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Employment Discrimination Lawyer

  • Wage and Hour Attorney
  • Employment Legal Aid
  • Workplace Harassment Attorney
  • Job Rights Lawyer
  • Employment Appeal Attorney
  • Whistleblower Attorney
  • Legal Employment Advocate
  • Workplace Accommodation Lawyer
  • Civil Rights Lawyer
  • Workplace Rights Lawyer
  • Wage Theft Attorney
  • Fair Employment Attorney
  • Workplace Injury Attorney
  • Job Discrimination Attorney
  • Job Termination Attorney
  • ADA Lawyer
  • Disability Discrimination Attorney
Beyond their personalized approach, the Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC adeptly handles the intricate web of legal complexities facing Philadelphia workers. Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC doesn't just aim to rectify the wrongs done to their clients; they strive to foster a fairer, more just workplace environment for all.
They understand the importance of every contract detail and work tirelessly to protect their clients legally and position them advantageously. Read more about Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney here The firm also helps negotiate settlements or severance agreements, providing immediate relief without the need for prolonged litigation. Founded by a passionate advocate for employee rights, the firm's approach is both strategic and empathetic. FMLA Lawyer The firm's approach is both strategic and compassionate, ensuring that every client's case is handled with the utmost care and professionalism.
The firm also takes a strong stand against workplace discrimination, ensuring that employees are treated fairly regardless of their race, gender, age, or disability. These steps can significantly reduce the likelihood of legal issues arising in the workplace. They break down the legal process into understandable steps, ensuring clients grasp their rights and the paths available to them. Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC also offers personalized consultations.

Philadelphia Workplace Litigation Attorney

One notable success story involves a client who faced wrongful termination due to discriminatory practices at their workplace. The consultation process at Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC begins with an initial meeting where clients get a clear overview of their legal situation. They're not just representing clients; they're championing the cause of fair and respectful treatment for all employees, regardless of their background or position. Employee Contract Lawyer They're adept at navigating the complex legal system to ensure their clients' rights are upheld.

To effectively navigate employment disputes in Philadelphia, it's crucial to first understand their nature and common causes. Through their diligent efforts, the firm not only secures financial compensation for aggrieved workers but also champions the importance of fair labor practices in Philadelphia and beyond. Engaging with these posts by asking questions or sharing experiences can foster a supportive community of informed employees.

They're adept at gathering necessary evidence and presenting a strong case. Whether it's navigating complex labor laws, fighting against unfair dismissal, or addressing workplace discrimination, they're fully equipped to guide clients through each step of the legal process. Additionally, the firm offers direct email and phone lines for those who prefer a more immediate or personal touch.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Job Termination Lawyer

  • Job Termination Attorney
  • ADA Lawyer
  • Disability Discrimination Attorney
  • Employee Rights Attorney
  • Disability Rights Attorney
  • Harassment Claim Lawyer
  • Workplace Litigation Lawyer
  • Age Discrimination Lawyer
  • Workplace Safety Advocate
  • Employment Standards Attorney
  • Workplace Legal Counsel
  • Workplace Safety Lawyer
  • Workplace Privacy Lawyer
  • Workplace Mediation Lawyer
  • Workplace Justice Attorney
  • Workplace Law Attorney
  • Employment Standards Attorney
  • Sexual Harassment Lawyer
  • Wage Discrimination Lawyer
  • Employer Retaliation Attorney


It's a crucial step, as it sets the stage for everything that follows. In a city as bustling and diverse as Philadelphia, having a team of such dedicated and knowledgeable employment lawyers is invaluable. The case involved a client who faced unjust treatment at work based on their race, a clear violation of their rights.

Philadelphia Workplace Litigation Attorney
Philadelphia Employment Lawyer Services
Philadelphia Employment Lawyer Services

It's a straightforward approach to breaking down barriers to legal assistance. Lacy Employment Law Firm's dedication ensures that employees can stand up against wrongdoing without fearing for their careers. The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC makes it their mission to ensure that workers in Philadelphia aren't just numbers in a system but individuals with rights that must be protected.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Workplace Bullying Attorney

  1. Sexual Harassment Lawyer
  2. Wage Discrimination Lawyer
  3. Employer Retaliation Attorney
  4. Employment Law Firm
  5. Employment Mediation Lawyer
  6. Pregnancy Discrimination Lawyer
  7. Employment Tribunal Attorney
  8. Workplace Fairness Lawyer
  9. Workplace Law Expert
  10. Fair Pay Attorney
  11. Non-Compete Attorney
  12. Retaliation Lawyer
  13. Workplace Defamation Lawyer
  14. Workplace Investigation Attorney
  15. Workplace Legal Support
  16. Severance Agreement Attorney
Through these victories, the Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC hasn't only secured financial compensation for their clients but also reinforced the importance of fair labor practices in the Philadelphia area.

They've made it their mission to be easily reachable, understanding that timely advice and action can make a significant difference in employment law cases. It's this commitment to individualized attention and justice that sets the Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC apart in the realm of employment law. Discrimination in the workplace can manifest in various forms, from subtle biases in hiring practices to overt harassment.

Moreover, Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC is dedicated to making their services accessible.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Whistleblower Protection Attorney

  • Workplace Safety Advocate
  • Employment Standards Attorney
  • Workplace Legal Counsel
  • Workplace Safety Lawyer
  • Workplace Privacy Lawyer
  • Workplace Mediation Lawyer
  • Workplace Justice Attorney
  • Workplace Law Attorney
  • Employment Standards Attorney
  • Sexual Harassment Lawyer
  • Wage Discrimination Lawyer
  • Employer Retaliation Attorney
  • Employment Law Firm
  • Employment Mediation Lawyer
  • Pregnancy Discrimination Lawyer
  • Employment Tribunal Attorney
  • Workplace Fairness Lawyer
Harnessing the power of knowledge, Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC equips individuals with the understanding they need to navigate complex legal landscapes confidently. In essence, the Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC is more than just a legal advisor; they're a vital ally for employees in Philadelphia, passionately protecting their rights and advocating for their well-being in the workplace. Wage and Hour Attorney

They're not just ticking boxes; they're building a comprehensive understanding of the situation to craft a strategy that addresses the individual's concerns and objectives. The Lacy Employment Law Firm's approach is to demystify these documents, ensuring that clients fully comprehend the consequences of their agreements. Understanding their legal rights empowers workers to protect themselves against workplace injustices.

Wrongful Termination Lawyer
Knowledgeable Workplace Attorney in Philadelphia

Our firm secured a landmark victory in a discrimination case, setting a precedent for future legal battles. They're actively involved in pushing for systemic change, working towards a future where workplace discrimination is a relic of the past. Their goal isn't just to address the immediate injustice but also to secure compensation for lost wages, emotional distress, and, if applicable, punitive damages. They also advise on the importance of documenting any instances of discrimination or retaliation that may have led to the termination. This meticulous approach ensures that every piece of evidence speaks volumes, bolstering the case and enhancing the chances of a favorable outcome.
In addition, understanding the legal framework that governs employment in Philadelphia is essential. We don't just represent you; we stand with you, advocating for your rights every step of the way. This proactive stance helps prevent discrimination before it starts, creating a safer, more respectful work culture for everyone involved. The firm's leading attorneys bring expert legal representation to the table, ensuring clients receive the highest quality of service.
These entities often have legal teams tasked with minimizing liability and protecting their interests, making it even more critical for individuals to have robust legal representation. At the heart of their legal strategies is a deep knowledge of both federal and state employment laws. They're not afraid to tackle complex cases, often taking on challenges that others might shy away from. Uncovering these facets promises to shed light on why The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC is the go-to for those seeking to uphold their rights in the workplace.
Employees frequently face workplace violations, ranging from unfair dismissal to discrimination and wage theft. First, they start with a thorough assessment. They take a proactive approach by offering workshops and resources that help employees understand their legal protections. The team at The Lacy Employment Law Firm doesn't shy away from tough conversations with employers.

Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney - Employment Law Expert

  1. EEOC Attorney
  2. Workplace Bullying Attorney
  3. Whistleblower Protection Attorney
  4. Employment Discrimination Lawyer
  5. Wrongful Termination Lawyer
  6. Contract Dispute Lawyer
  7. FMLA Lawyer
  8. Wage Dispute Lawyer
  9. Overtime Attorney
  10. Job Termination Lawyer
  11. Wrongful Discharge Lawyer
  12. Minimum Wage Attorney
  13. Employee Contract Lawyer
  14. Employment Law Expert
  15. Employment Discrimination Advocate

Explore Top Philadelphia Employment Attorney here
Knowledgeable Workplace Attorney in Philadelphia

Frequently Asked Questions

The firm joined forces with another law firm, tackling a challenging case of workplace discrimination. Together, they crafted a robust legal strategy, ultimately securing a significant victory for their client, showcasing their collaborative prowess.

The firm ensures client confidentiality by implementing strict privacy policies, using secure communication channels, and educating staff on discretion. They prioritize protecting personal information throughout the legal process, maintaining trust and confidentiality at all times.

The Lacy Employment Law Firm LLC offers its staff ongoing training and professional development opportunities, including workshops and seminars on the latest employment law trends, to ensure they're well-equipped to tackle complex cases.